Gold arrives only in Month 1. The tax is population × tax rate × (100 + economy), so Workshops pay off every January. Economy is the best long-term investment in gold.
Grain arrives only in Month 7. It depends on population, tax rate, farmland, irrigation and cultivation. Planting in months 1–6 raises that harvest, then resets.
Waterworks protect you. Floods destroy grain unless your levees are high. They also raise irrigation.
Budget beats crowding. A project's monthly effect depends on its budget and the average politics of the officers. Each extra officer adds only +3. Two officers on two separate projects usually beat two officers on one.
Tax between 25 and 50 is neutral. Above 50 loses 2 trust a month; below 25 gains 1.
The market changes every month. Sell grain when the sale rate is low, because you get more gold per grain. Buy when the purchase rate is high, because you get more grain per gold.
Budget soldiers' food. Every 1,000 soldiers eat 100 grain a month and cost 10 gold each January. Running out of grain makes soldiers desert.